SECOND SUNDAY OF EASTER – YEAR B
SIGNS OF INVISIBLE REALITIES
According to the Bible, the human being is made of earth. He is linked to the land, plants, animals, and this is a good thing. As Greek philosophy claimed, he is not imprisoned in a body but rejoices in being a body capable of self-awareness, freedom, and love. Composed of matter, he feels a deep need to get in touch, concretely and tangibly, also with spiritual realities. To this need, the liturgy responds with the sacraments, consisting of signs and symbols that can be seen and touched.
Asking a disembodied faith of a human being is to demand the impossible, but it is also a mistake to claim, as Thomas did, to check what cannot be perceived by the senses.
The condition in which Jesus entered his resurrection, though more real than reality itself upon which our eyes and our hands rest each day, defies verification. As a baby can only contemplate his mother's face after he was born, each person will see the Risen One only when he has left this world. Nevertheless, even now, concrete signs of the invisible realities in which he believes and hopes are on offer.
If on earth a completely new society appears, if a community in which the greatbecome small, the rich make themselves poor, the enemy is loved like a brother, and the one who commands considers himself a servant, then we are faced with an unmistakablesign that Jesus is alive and his Spirit works in the world.
“From your church, Lord, the world is waiting for signs that you have risen.”
First Reading: Acts 4:32-35
Some words have a strong impact on an audience, and others leave them indifferent.The central part of today’s passage states that the testimony of the apostles was given with force. From the context, it is also clear why their preaching was effective. They proclaimedtheir faith without being intimidated by threats, insults, and violence. The high priests Annas and Caiaphas ordered Peter and John not to speak or teach in the name of Jesus. They replied: “Judge for yourselves whether it is right in God’s eyes for us to obey you rather than God. We cannot stop speaking about what we have seen and heard” (Acts4:19-20).
But it was not only the sincerity and the courage that gave strength to their word in proclaiming the Risen One. Irrefutable facts gave evidence in favor of the truth of their message; not miracles, but the whole new life of the community presented an extraordinary, unheard-of feature, the fact that the disciples “were of one heart and mindand no one claimed private ownership of any possessions, but rather they shared all things in common” (v. 32). Pleased with this new life, Luke goes into detail and explains: “There was no needy person among them, for those who owned land or houses, sold them and brought the proceeds of the sale. And they laid it at the feet of the apostles who distributed it according to each one’s need” (vv. 34-35).
It is not the record of what was happening in Jerusalem in the years 30–40 A.D., but a page of catechesis. Inspired by some actual events (someone had shown exceptionalgenerosity; cf. Acts 4:36-37), the author indicates the feelings and brotherly relations thatthe Spirit wants to become established within an authentic Christian community.
The competition, the dominance of the strong over the weak, of the most talented over the less qualified, then as now, was considered legitimate and even preferred for economic and social development. On the other hand, a community based on mutual service, free andselfless gifts, on the sharing of assets could upset the order of values accepted by all as normal. The Christians in Jerusalem appeared to be citizens of another world, and in fact,they won the people’s favor (v. 33). Jews and Gentiles were wondering about the origin ofa life so extraordinary, and the disciples’ unanimous response was: ‘We live like this because Christ is risen!’
The strong testimony offered by the apostles was the new community's life andinspired by sentiments of communion. The Risen Christ could not be seen, but the fraternalspirit in the community, born from the power of his Spirit, was plain for all.
The early Christians had understood that faith in the resurrection is incompatible withattachment to what is ephemeral. Significant in this regard is the indirect testimony ofLucian of Samosata (125–192 a.D.), the famous satirist against superstitions and beliefs,including even Christianity. With its light-hearted language, here’s how he describes the impact that faith exercised on the lives of Christians of his day: ‘Their first lawgiverpersuades them that they are all brothers and sisters to each other and, as converts, they deny the Greek gods, worshiping the crucified sage, and living according to his laws. Theydespise all goods equally, believe them as common, and do not care when they have them.So, if a shrewd impostor who knows how to handle them well arises among them, he would soon be rich, mocking these gullible and stupid people’ (Lucian, The Death of Peregrinus, 13).
Today there is fear of reminding believers of the first, indispensable consequence of faith in the Risen One that there is a whole new way of asset management. The Christian lives in a world in which the principle of the right to private property is often used to coverabuses and judges with suspicion those who recall the saying of the Psalmist: “The earth and its fullness belong to the Lord, the world and all that dwell in it” (Ps 24:1), or those who quoted words of the Lord in Leviticus: “the land is mine and you are but strangers and guests of mine” (Lev 25:23).
The light of Easter denounces the folly of one who stores up things, forgetting that “here we have no lasting city, and we are looking for the one to come” (Heb 13:14), and that “we brought nothing into the world and we will leave it with nothing” (1 Tim 6:7-9).
Only the community that preaches and lives brotherhood, that practices the sharing of goods, testifies powerfully to the presence of the Spirit of the Risen Lord in the world.
Second Reading: 1 John 5:1-6
St. Jerome tells us that the Evangelist John, by then an old man, when invited to speakto the Eucharistic assembly, kept repeating the same appeal: ‘My little children, love oneanother,’ and when asked to teach something new, he replied: ‘It is the Lord’s command; there is no other, and that is enough.’
Love of the brother—of the sister—is the theme of this letter that will accompany usduring the weeks of Easter. It was written towards the end of the first century A.D., at a time of crisis. In the Christian communities, theological ideas incompatible with the true faith had spread: some denied that Jesus was the Christ and who maintained that the Son of God was not incarnated, but had only assumed a human appearance; some cultivatedcontempt for material things in favor of a misguided exaltation of the spirit; especially those who had neglected the practice of charity, believing that to be saved, knowledge of the truth is enough.
From the beginning of his letter, John recalls the reality of the incarnation of the Son ofGod: “What we have heard and have seen with our own eyes, what we have looked at and touched with our hands, I mean the Word who is Life. … So, we tell you what we have seen and heard, that you may be in fellowship with us… that our joy may be complete” (1 Jn 1:1-4). He introduces the same realism in the moral field: “My dear children, let us lovenot only in words and with our lips, but in truth and in deed” (1 Jn 3:18).
The message of the entire letter could be summed up in the phrase that we will find inthese four Sundays: “My dear friends, let us love one another for love comes from God. Everyone who loves is born of God” (1 Jn 4:7).
The passage seems directed to today’s Christians who have been baptized during theEaster Vigil and who, through faith, have become children of God. After affirming that he who believes that Jesus is the Christ is born of God, John deduces the consequence of this new life immediately: he who loves Him from whom he was generated must also love those he begot, that is, the brethren (v. 1).
There is no other solid foundation on which to build a new humanity. If we are childrenof one Father, no matter what race we belong to, what religion we practice, or the culture in which we were born and grew up, we are all loved by God, and we are called to effuselove received from the Father on the brothers and sisters. Those who are not interested in people do not love God, and true religion cannot be separated from the practice of love.
Two quite enigmatic images appear in the last part of the reading (vv. 5-8). Persistentlyit states that Jesus “came by water and blood.”
The possible meanings of this expression are varied, but the most obvious is the reference to Jesus’ pierced side. In the Gospel, John records that after the bloody death of Jesus, “one of the soldiers pierced his side with a lance, and immediately there came out blood and water” (Jn 19:34).
Water and blood in the Bible indicate life. This is the life that Jesus came to bring on earth and has given to humanity on the cross. His “spirit of life” (Rev 11:11) is the Spirit, the Spirit that today he continues to offer us through the two sacraments evoked by water and blood: baptism and the Eucharist.
Gospel: John 20:19-31
Today’s passage is divided into two parts corresponding to two appearances of the Risen One. In the first (vv. 19-23), Jesus communicates his Spirit to his disciples. With that, he gives them the power to overcome the forces of evil. It is the same passage that we will comment on at Pentecost. In the second (vv. 24-31), the famous episode of Thomas is told.
The doubt of this apostle became proverbial. It is often said of one who shows some distrust, ‘You’re an unbelieving Thomas.’ Yet, he seems to have done nothing wrong in hindsight: he only asked to see what the others had seen. Why demand only from Thomas a faith based solely on the words of the others? But was Thomas the only one to have doubts, while the other disciples appear to have quickly and immediately believed in the Risen One? It does not seem that things went that way.
The Gospel of Mark says that Jesus appeared to the eleven “and reproached them for their unbelief and stubbornness in refusing to believe those who had seen him after he had risen” (Mk 16:14). In Luke’s Gospel, the risen Christ addresses the amazed and frightened apostles and asks: “Why are you upset, and how does such an idea cross your minds?” (Lk 24:38). In the last page of the Matthew’s Gospel, it even says that when Jesus appeared to the disciples on a mountain in Galilee (therefore long after the apparitions in Jerusalem), some still doubted (Mt 28:17).
All, therefore, doubted, not only poor Thomas. How is it then that the evangelist John seems to want to highlight in him the doubts that also had gripped the others? Let us try to understand.
When John writes (about the year A.D. 95), Thomas was already dead for some time. The episode, therefore, is undoubtedly reported not to put this apostle in a bad light. If his problems of faith were highlighted, the reason lies elsewhere. The evangelist is responding to the questions and objections that Christians of his communities were insistently raising.They are third-generation Christians, people who have not seen the Lord Jesus. Many of them do not even know any of the apostles. They find it hard to believe; they struggle amid many doubts; they want to see, touch, and verify if the Lord has indeed risen. They wonder: what are the reasons that may lead one to believe? Is it still possible for us to have the experience of the Risen Lord? Is there evidence that he is alive? How is it that he no longer appears? These are the questions that we ask today.
To them, Mark, Luke, and Matthew responded by saying that all the apostles had doubted. They had not got it right away, nor with ease, the grace to believe in the Risen One. The path of faith was long and tiring also for them, even though Jesus had given many signs that he was alive and entered the glory of the Father.
The answer of John is different: he takes Thomas as a symbol of the difficulty that every disciple meets to come to believe. It is hard to know why he chose this apostle, perhaps because he had more difficulty or took more time than others to have faith.
John wants to teach the Christians of his communities (and us) that the Risen One has a life that evades our senses, a life that cannot be touched with bare hands or seen with the eyes. It can only be achieved through faith. This also applied to the apostles, who also had a unique experience of the Risen Lord. One cannot have faith in what is seen. You cannot have demonstrations, scientific evidence of the resurrection; it is a spiritual reality. If anyone wants to see, observe, touch, one is renouncing the grace of faith.
We say, ‘Blessed are those who have seen.’ For Jesus, however, “blessed are those who have not seen” (Jn 20:29), not because it costs them more to believe and thus have greater merit; they are blessed because their faith is more genuine and purer. Indeed, it is the only pure faith. On the other hand, one who sees with his eyes has the certainty of the evidence, has irrefutable proof of a tangible fact.
Thomas appears two other times in John’s Gospel and never cuts—we would say—a good figure. He has difficulty in understanding, equivocating, misinterpreting the words and choices of the Master.
He spoke for the first time when he heard the news of Lazarus’ death. Jesus decides to go to Judea. Thomas thinks that following the Master means losing one’s life. He does not understand that Jesus is the Lord of life. Dejected and disappointed, he exclaims: “Let us also go that we may die with him” (Jn 11:16).
During the Last Supper, Jesus talks about the path he is treading, a path that passes through death to be introduced into life. Thomas intervenes again: “Lord, we do not know where you’re going and how can we know the way?” (Jn 14:5). He is full of perplexity, hesitation, and doubt, unable to accept what he does not understand. This is demonstrated a third time in the episode narrated in today’s passage.
It seems that John enjoys outlining the figure of Thomas in this way. In the end, he does him justice. He puts on his lips the highest, the most sublime profession of faith, His words reflecting the conclusion of every disciple’s itinerary of faith.
At the beginning of the Gospel, the first two apostles come to Jesus, calling him Rabbi (Jn 1:38). It is the first step towards understanding the Master’s identity. After a short time, Andrew, who has already figured out a lot more, says to his brother Simon: “We have found the Messiah” (Jn 1:41). Nathaniel intuits immediately with whom he deals and says to Jesus: “You are the Son of God” (Jn 1:49). The Samaritans recognize him as the Savior of the world (Jn 4:43), the people acknowledge him as the Prophet (Jn 6:14), the man born blind proclaims him the Lord (Jn 9:38), and for Pilate, he is the King of the Jews (Jn 19:19). But it is Thomas who has the ultimate word about the identity of Jesus. He calls him: “My Lord and my God.” It is the sacred expression that the Bible refers to as YHWH (Ps 35:23). Thomas is, therefore, the first to recognize the divinity of Christ, the first who comes to understand what Jesus meant when he said: “The Father and I are one” (Jn 10:30).
The end of the passage (vv. 30-31) presents why John wrote his book. He told of the ‘signs’—not all, but sufficient—for two reasons: to arouse or confirm faith in Christ and why, through this faith, one comes to life.
The fourth evangelist calls miracles ‘signs.’ Jesus did not perform them to impress whoever was there. He even had words of condemnation against anyone who did not believe unless he saw miracles (Jn 4:48). John does not recount them to impress his readers, to ‘show’ the divine power of Jesus.
The signs are not presented as evidence but revelations about the person, nature, andmission of Jesus. One comes to believe in a robust and long-lasting way from a fact and begins to perceive the reality that it indicates. At first, the believer does not understand the sign in the distribution of the loaves because it does not ‘prove’ that Jesus is the bread of life; or understand the healing of the man born blind; because it does not clearly establish that Jesus is the light of the world; or understand the raising of Lazarus, because one still does not see Jesus as the Lord of life.
In the epilogue of the Gospel, John uses the word ‘signs’ in a broad sense: it means everything that reveals the person of Jesus, his acts of mercy (the healing, the multiplication of the loaves), and his words (Jn 12:37). The one who reads his book and understands these signs confronts the person of Jesus and is invited to choose. Those who recognize in him the Lord will opt for life and adhere to him.
Here is the only evidence offered to one who looks for reasons to believe: this very same Gospel. There the word of Christ resounds, and his person shines. There are no other proofs outside this same Word.
To understand, it is worthwhile to recall what Jesus said in the parable of the Good Shepherd: “My sheep know my voice” (Jn 10:4-5,27). Apparitions are not necessary. In the Gospel, the voice of the shepherd resounds. His unmistakable voice is enough for the sheep that belong to him to recognize and draw them to himself.
But where can one listen to this voice? Where does this word echo? Is it possible to repeat today the apostles’ experience on Easter day and ‘eight days later’? How? We have noticed that both apparitions take place on Sunday. We also have seen that those who have the experience of the Risen One are the same (…one more, one less), to whom the Lord presents himself with the exact words: ‘Peace be with you’ and that, in both encounters, Jesus shows the marks of his passion. There would be other details, but these four are enough to help us answer the questions we posed.
The disciples are gathered in the house. The meeting to which John alludes is clearly that which happens on the day of the Lord. It is the one on which every day following the Sabbath, the whole community is called for the celebration of the Eucharist. When all believers are gathered, there appears the Risen One. He, by the mouth of the celebrant, greets the disciples and wishes, as on the evening of Easter, and eight days later: “Peace be with you.”
It is the time when Jesus manifests himself alive to the disciples. Those who, like Thomas, desert the meetings of the community cannot have the experience of the Risen Lord (vv. 24-25). They cannot hear his greeting and his Word; they cannot accept his forgiveness and his peace (vv. 19.26.23), nor experience his joy (v. 20) and receive his Spirit (v. 22). On the day of the Lord, those who stay home, maybe to pray alone, can experience God, but not the Risen One, because he makes himself present where the community is gathered.
What does one, who does not meet the Risen One, do? Like Thomas, he will needfurther evidence to believe, but he will never obtain such evidence.
Contrary to what one sees depicted in the artists' paintings, not even Thomas has put his hands into the wounds of the Lord. From the text, it does not appear that he has touched the Risen One. He also gets to pronounce his profession of faith after hearing the voice of the Risen One, along with his brothers and sisters of the community. And the capacity to have this experience is offered to Christians of every age… every Sunday.
